Camera · Judder and strobing
Speed: how many degrees the camera turns each second. A slow, steady pan is about 5 to 10 degrees per second.
A teaching model. Rule of thumb (in the style of the ASC Manual's panning tables): at 24 fps an object should take at least 7 seconds to cross the frame, which is about 0.6% of the frame width per frame. At other frame rates we keep the same per-frame limit, so higher frame rates allow proportionally faster pans. Borderline = up to 2× the limit, strobing beyond that. The verdict assumes a 180° shutter: narrower shutters strobe sooner, wider ones blur more. Field of view uses horizontal sensor widths (FF 36 mm, S35 24.9 mm, APS-C 23.5 mm, MFT 17.3 mm); phone focal lengths are full-frame equivalents. Your screen's refresh rate also shapes what you see: 24 or 25 fps on a 60 Hz screen adds a slightly uneven cadence.